A low 2D:4D is typically associated with outcomes that mark status (e.g., success in sports, reproduction) or with traits that either lead to, maintain, or reflect high status (e.g., dominance). Several studies have reported a linear relationship between 2D:4D and the traits investigated (e.g., ). We found a lower 2D:4D ratio among alcohol-dependent patients, young males with video game addiction and male suicide victims. in meta-analyses for athletic prowess, autism spectrum disorder and sexual orientation in women. Previous associations of 2D:4D with variables of interest have been shown e.g. Additionally, prenatal androgen exposure has an organizing effect on the structure and function of the brain. The 2D:4D ratio among men is usually smaller than among women. However, 2D:4D may be determined not only by prenatal testosterone, but also additional factors, such as prenatal corticosterone and genetic factors. High prenatal androgen exposure results in a shorter second digit (2D) relative to the fourth digit (4D) in the adult human hand. Prenatal sex steroids have an influence on digit development. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Interested researchers may request data access by contacting Funding for this study was provided by intramural grants from the University Hospital of the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The underlying dataset cannot be made public due to concerns regarding subject anonymity, due to the number of indirect identifies in combination with biometric data that could potentially allow for individual identification. Received: JanuAccepted: JanuPublished: February 25, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Tektas et al. PLoS ONE 14(2):Įditor: Martin Voracek, University of Vienna, AUSTRIA ![]() (2019) Digit ratio (2D:4D) and academic success as measured by achievement in the academic degree “Habilitation”. For both right and left handed, there was a statistically significant difference between the right and left hand 2D:4D ratios in both men and women (p<0.05) and the dominant hand (DH) 2D:4D ratios were found to be lower than non-dominant hand (NDH) 2D:4D ratios in both men and women (p<0.05) It can be said that the 2D:4D ratios may be the effect of determining the hand preference, the grip strength and therefore the strength.Citation: Tektas OY, Kapsner L, Lemmer M, Bouna-Pyrrou P, Lewczuk P, Lenz B, et al. It was found that men had lower 2D:4D ratio than women. It was found that in both men and women, a negative correlation was found between right and left hand 2D:4D and both dominant (DHGS) and non-dominant hand grip strength (NDHGS) values. The data were recorded in the SPSS 20 program and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The hand preference was determined by the Oldfield questionnaire and it was evaluated according to the Geschwind score. Height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), hand 2D:4D finger measurements and hand grip strength tests were performed for athletes. A total of 80 elite swimmers, participated in the study. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between 2D:4D, hand preference and hand grip strength in swimmers. The index finger and the 4th finger ratio (2D:4D) is the indicator of the prenatal testosterone.
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